Background: Tramadol is one of the most commonly used analgesics, thanks to its efficacy and safety. It is widely used in Myanmar for postoperative and cancer pain control. The use of generic drugs has been steadily increasing worldwide, mostly in developing countries. Generic drugs should have efficacy and safety comparable to their innovators or other approved generic products. Objectives: This study aims to compare the bioequivalence of locally producing, Tramadol BPI® capsule (test product) with the Tramazac® capsule (reference product) in healthy Myanmar volunteers. Methods: The bioequivalence was determined in 16 healthy Myanmar volunteers after a single oral administration of 100 mg tramadol (under fasting condition) in a randomized, openlabel, two-period, and two-treatment crossover study with a two-week washout period. Blood samples were collected at specified times, and plasma tramadol concentrations were measured with a validated HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY method with a fluorescence detector. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using the plasma concentration-time data in a noncompartmental model. Results: The analysis of variance of the logarithmically transformed parameters (maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), Area Under the concentration-time Curve from the time of administration to the last measured concentration (AUC0-t), and to infinity (AUC0-∞ ) revealed no sequence, period, and formulation effects between the test and reference products. Significant differences were found between the subjects within the sequence for both AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ , indicating a substantial intersubject variation. The geometric mean ratio of test/reference and their 90% confidence intervals were within the ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) bioequivalence acceptance interval of 80% to 125%. Conclusion: Tramadol BPI® and Tramazac® capsules, after a single oral administration of 100 mg, were bioequivalent in respect of their rate and extent of absorption under fasting condition.

Background and Aim: Determination of the age of vector mosquitoes is of particular importance in epidemiological studies of diseases transmitted by them, such as viral and parasitic diseases. The objective of this study was to determine the daily age of Anopheles stephensi based on changes in pteridine concentration in female mosquito cuticles by LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY ((HPLC)).Methods and Materials: Females of Anopheles stephensi were raised in an insectary (28oC, 70% relative humidity). At 1, 5, 10, 15, 25, 30 days post-emergence they were divided into groups of 10 mosquitoes each. The mosquitoes in each age group were further divided into 3 subgroups of 10 each for chromatographic ((HPLC), emotion = 355 nm and excitation= 465 nm) pteridine extraction. The chromatograms obtained were compared with the respective standards to determine the types of pteridines.Results: Four types of pteridines were detected in the cuticle of Anopheles stephensi, including isoxanthopteridine, pteridine-6-carboxylic acid, biopteridine, and xanthopteridine. They were all present in all the cuticle of the mosquitoes; however, no biopteridine in the head or xanthopteridine in the thorax were found. Generally, as the age of the mosquitoes increased, pteridine concentrations kept declining, such that after 30 days the total concentration reached 10% of the original.Conclusion: The findings indicate that there is a negative correlation between the concentration of pteridines in the cuticle and daily age of female mosquitoes. The method described can be used as a standard method to determine the daily age of Anopheles, as well as of other mosquito species, since it is fast and precise and needs small samples. Its major limitation is non-availability of (HPLC) in many parts of the country, although it is possible to freeze dead mosquitoes and transfer them to centers where (HPLC) is available.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Homocysteine is an amino acid with a free thiol (sulphydryl) group and is an intermediate formed during the metabolism of methionine to cysteine. Measurement of total plasma homocysteine may be of value in several clinical conditions including homocysteinuria, atherosclerosis, thrombophilia and folate/vitamin B12 deficiency. The purpose of this study was to measure total plasma homocysteine using RP- (HPLC) with fluorescence detection method.METHODS: Total plasma homocysteine was measured with reversed-phase (HPLC) with fluorescence detection after reduction of homocysteine with tris (2- carboxyetile) phosphine (TCEP) and derivatization of plasma thiols with ammonium 7- fluorobenzo-2- oxa 1,3- diazole-4- sulfonate (SBD-F). FINDINGS: The limit of detection for homocysteine was 0.2 µmol/l. The within day coefficient of variation (CV) was 2.67% to 4.56% and the between day coefficient of variation was 5.43% to 8.17%. The mean recovery of homocysteine was 93% to 103.4%.CONCLUSION: The results show that the (HPLC) method with fluorescence detection for measurement of total plasma homocysteine, is sensitive (the limit of detection 0.2 µ mol/l), accurate (CV between 2.67% and 8.17%) and it has acceptable recovery (93% to 103.4%). Therefore, it is confident method especially for investigate application.

Background: The family salicaceae included salix and populus species. This family especially salix alba is very important in ancient medicinal. Recognition and investigation on other species in this family can help to development of herbal medical in country.Objective: This study was done to measuring of salicylic acid in Populus deltoides and Populus euramerican.Methods: After collection and drying of barks, extraction was done according to TAPPI standard (T204 om-88) by using acetone, ethanol and water solutions. Measuring of Salicylic acid was done by (HPLC) (High Performance LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY).Results: The extractive materials yield of populus deltoides and populus euramerican’s bark were obtained 12.2 and 17.7% respectively base on dry weight of bark. (HPLC) analysis shows that there are 32 compounds in water extractive materials which amount of two compounds are more than others. According to retention time one of two compounds is Salicylic acid. The Salicylic acid values in populus deltoides and euramerican bark extractive materials are 14.7 and 19.5 ppm respectively. Conclusion: Generally, this research show that populus species contains Salicylic acid which is lower than Salix alba. The amount of Salicylic acid in populus euramerican is more than populus deltoids. Hydrophobic compounds in populus euramerican are twice than populus deltoides. There is no significant difference between hydrophilic compounds of two species.